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Windows HPC Server 2008, released by Microsoft on 22 September 2008, is the successor product to Windows Compute Cluster Server 2003. Like WCCS, Windows HPC Server 2008 is designed for high-end applications that require high performance computing clusters (HPC stands for High Performance Computing).[1] This version of the server software is claimed to efficiently scale to thousands of cores. It includes features unique to HPC workloads: a new high-speed NetworkDirect RDMA, highly efficient and scalable cluster management tools, a service-oriented architecture (SOA) job scheduler, an MPI library based on open-source MPICH2,[2] and cluster interoperability through standards such as the High Performance Computing Basic Profile (HPCBP) specification produced by the Open Grid Forum (OGF).[3]
In June 2008, a system built collaboratively with the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) and Microsoft ranked #23 on the TOP500 list, a ranking of the world's fastest supercomputers, with a LINPACK score of 68.5 teraflops. The NCSA supercomputer uses both Windows Server HPC and Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4.[4] As of November 2011, that ranking had dropped to #253.[5] And since then all Windows computers have dropped off the TOP500 list; and Linux has also replaced all other operating systems on the list.
In the November 2008 rankings, published by TOP500, a Windows HPC system built by the Shanghai Supercomputer Center achieved a peak performance of 180.6 teraflops and was ranked #11 on the list.[6] In June 2015, that was the last Windows machine left on the list (dropped off later) then ranked 436, just barely made the TOP500 (with Windows Azure dropping off earlier).
Windows HPC Server 2008 R2
Windows HPC Server 2008 R2, based on Windows Server 2008 R2, was released on 20 September 2010.[7]
Windows HPC Pack
After Windows HPC Server 2008 R2, Microsoft released HPC Pack 2008 R2 in four flavors: Express, Enterprise, Workstation and Cycle Harvesting. Later it simplified the offer by releasing HPC Pack 2012 that combined capabilities of all four versions of HPC Pack 2008 R2. HPC Pack 2012 can be installed on top of any Windows Server 2012 Standard or Datacenter.[8]
References
- ^'Windows HPC Server 2008 RTM's'. Windows Server Division WebLog. Microsoft Corporation. 22 September 2008. Retrieved 26 April 2011.
- ^'Microsoft MPI'. Retrieved 22 October 2011.
- ^'HPC Server Basic Profile Web Service Operations Guide'. Retrieved 22 October 2011.
- ^'June 2008 TOP500 Supercomputer Rankings'. Retrieved 22 October 2011.
- ^'TOP500 Supercomputer Rankings for the NCSA supercomputer'. Retrieved 19 January 2012.
- ^'TOP500 Supercomputer Rankings'. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
- ^'Windows HPC Server 2008 R2 Ships!'. Retrieved 22 October 2011.
- ^https://www.microsoft.com/hpc/en/us/product/high-performance-computing-faqs.aspx
External links
Comparison of Microsoft Windows versionsMicrosoft Windows is the name of several families of computer software operating systems created by Microsoft. Microsoft first introduced an operating environment named Windows in November 1985 as an add-on to MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces (GUIs).
All versions of Microsoft Windows are commercial proprietary software.
CrayCray Inc., a subsidiary of Hewlett Packard Enterprise, is an American supercomputer manufacturer headquartered in Seattle, Washington. It also manufactures systems for data storage and analytics. Several Cray supercomputer systems are listed in the TOP500, which ranks the most powerful supercomputers in the world.Cray manufactures its products in Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin, where its founder, Seymour Cray, was born and raised. The company also has offices in Bloomington, Minnesota and numerous other sales, service, engineering, and R&D locations around the world.The company's predecessor, Cray Research, Inc. (CRI), was founded in 1972 by computer designer Seymour Cray. Seymour Cray later formed Cray Computer Corporation (CCC) in 1989, which went bankrupt in 1995. Cray Research was acquired by Silicon Graphics (SGI) in 1996. Cray Inc. was formed in 2000 when Tera Computer Company purchased the Cray Research Inc. business from SGI and adopted the name of its acquisition. The company was acquired by Hewlett Packard Enterprise in 2019.
Cray CX1The Cray CX1 is a deskside high-performance workstation designed by Cray Inc., based on the x86-64 processor architecture. It was launched on September 16, 2008, and was discontinued in early 2012. It comprises a single chassis blade server design that supports a maximum of eight modular single-width blades, giving up to 96 processor cores. Computational load can be run independently on each blade and/or combined using clustering techniques.
Dryad (programming)Dryad was a research project at Microsoft Research for a general purpose runtime for execution of data parallel applications. Microsoft made several preview releases of this technology available as add-ons to Windows HPC Server 2008 R2. However, in October 2011, Microsoft discontinued active development on Dryad, shifting focus to the Apache Hadoop framework.An application written for Dryad is modeled as a directed acyclic graph (DAG). The DAG defines the dataflow of the application, and the vertices of the graph defines the operations that are to be performed on the data. The 'computational vertices' are written using sequential constructs, devoid of any concurrency or mutual exclusion semantics. The Dryad runtime parallelizes the dataflow graph by distributing the computational vertices across various execution engines (which can be multiple processor cores on the same computer or different physical computers connected by a network, as in a cluster). Scheduling of the computational vertices on the available hardware is handled by the Dryad runtime, without any explicit intervention by the developer of the application or administrator of the network. The flow of data between one computational vertex to another is implemented by using communication 'channels' between the vertices, which in physical implementation is realized by TCP/IP streams, shared memory or temporary files. A stream is used at runtime to transport a finite number of structured Items.
Dryad defines a domain-specific language, which is implemented via a C++ library, that is used to create and model a Dryad execution graph. Computational vertices are written using standard C++ constructs. To make them accessible to the Dryad runtime, they must be encapsulated in a class that inherits from the GraphNode base class. The graph is defined by adding edges; edges are added by using a composition operator (defined by Dryad) that connects two graphs (or two nodes of a graph) with an edge. Managed code wrappers for the Dryad API can also be written.
There exist several high-level language compilers which use Dryad as a runtime; examples include Scope (Structured Computations Optimized for Parallel Execution) and DryadLINQ.
IBM Intelligent ClusterThe IBM Intelligent Cluster was a cluster solution for high-performance computing composed primarily of IBM System x, IBM BladeCenter and IBM System Storage components integrated with network switches from various vendors and optional high-performance InfiniBand interconnects. The solution was previously known as the IBM System Cluster 1350, and before that eServer Cluster 1350 or simply e1350.
Roughly twice a year the solution components were updated to include the then-current products from IBM and other vendors.
The solution was predated by the eServer Cluster 1300 (or e1300) based on then-current Pentium III processors, which was introduced in November 2001. This was replaced by the e1350 in October 2002 with the introduction of Pentium 4-based Intel Xeon processors.
Operating system choices were officially limited to Enterprise Linux distributions from Red Hat and SUSE and to Microsoft Windows HPC Server 2008. For systems management IBM offered xCAT. Additional software, such as GPFS and LoadLeveler, could also be ordered from IBM.
Intelligent Cluster systems were integrated, factory-built and tested cluster solutions with comprehensive warranty service for all components, including third-party options. The system could comprise traditional rack-optimized nodes, as well as IBM BladeCenter and iDataPlex nodes with processor choices between Intel Xeon and AMD Opteron processors, along with integrated storage and switches to provide a turnkey Linux or Microsoft cluster environment.
Job Submission Description LanguageJob Submission Description Language is an extensible XML specification from the Global Grid Forum for the description of simple tasks to non-interactive computer execution systems. Currently at version 1.0 (released November 7, 2005), the specification focuses on the description of computational task submissions to traditional high-performance computer systems like batch schedulers.
Linux adoptionLinux adoption is the adoption of Linux computer operating systems (OS) by households, nonprofit organizations, businesses, and governments.
Many factors have resulted in the expanded use of Linux systems by traditional desktop users as well as operators of server systems, including the desire to minimize software costs, increase network security and support for open-source philosophical principles. In recent years several governments, at various levels, have enacted policies shifting state-owned computers to Linux from proprietary software regimes.
In August 2010, Jeffrey Hammond, principal analyst at Forrester Research, declared, 'Linux has crossed the chasm to mainstream adoption,' a statement attested by the large number of enterprises that had transitioned to Linux during the late-2000s recession. In a company survey completed in the third quarter of 2009, 48% of surveyed companies reported using an open-source operating system.The Linux Foundation regularly releases publications regarding the Linux kernel, Linux OS distributions, and related themes. One such publication, 'Linux Adoption Trends: A Survey of Enterprise End Users,' is freely available upon registration.Traditionally, the term Linux adoption, refers to adoption of a Linux OS made for 'desktop' computers, the original intended use (or adoption on servers, that is essentially the same form of OS). Adoption of that form on personal computers is still low relatively, while adoption of the Android operating system is very high. The term Linux adoption, often overlooks that operating system or other uses such as in Chrome OS that also use the Linux kernel (but have almost nothing else in common, not even the name – Linux – usually applied; while Android is the most popular variant – in fact the most popular operating system in the world).
List of Microsoft Windows versionsThis page lists and links to information on the various versions of Microsoft Windows, a major computer operating system developed by Microsoft.
Microsoft Message Passing InterfaceMicrosoft Message Passing Interface (MS MPI) is an implementation of the MPI-2 specification by Microsoft for use in Windows HPC Server 2008 to interconnect and communicate (via messages) between High performance computing nodes. It is mostly compatible with the MPICH2 reference implementation, with some exceptions for job launch and management. MS MPI includes bindings for C and FORTRAN languages. It supports using the Microsoft Visual Studio for debugging purposes.
MS MPI can use any physical network, including Gigabit ethernet, Infiniband and Myrinet, for which a Winsock Direct driver has been provided. The Winsock Direct provider bypasses the TCP/IP stack of the OS and directly provides access to the networking hardware, using transport protocols tailored for the network type. In absence of such drivers, the TCP/IP stack can also be used.
Microsoft ServersMicrosoft Servers (previously called Windows Server System) is a brand that encompasses Microsoft's server products. This includes the Windows Server editions of the Microsoft Windows operating system itself, as well as products targeted at the wider business market. Unlike Microsoft Dynamics or Microsoft Office product lines, most of the products sold under this brand are not intended to be line-of-business services in and of themselves.
Microsoft Windows version historyMicrosoft Windows was announced by Bill Gates on November 10, 1983. Microsoft introduced Windows as a graphical user interface for MS-DOS, which had been introduced a couple of years earlier. In the 1990s, the product line evolved from an operating environment into a fully complete, modern operating system over two lines of development, each with their own separate codebase.
The first versions of Windows (1.0 through to 3.11) were graphical shells that run from MS-DOS, later on, Windows 95, though still being based on MS-DOS, was its own operating system, using a 16-bit DOS-based kernel and a 32-bit user space. Windows 95 introduced many features that have been part of the product ever since, including the Start menu, the taskbar, and Windows Explorer (renamed File Explorer in Windows 8). In 1997, Microsoft released Internet Explorer 4 which included the (at the time) controversial Windows Desktop Update. It aimed to integrate Internet Explorer and the web into the user interface and also brought many new features into Windows, such as the ability to display JPEG images as the desktop wallpaper and single window navigation in Windows Explorer. In 1998, Microsoft released Windows 98, which also included the Windows Desktop Update and Internet Explorer 4 by default. The inclusion of Internet Explorer 4 and the Desktop Update led to an anti-trust case in the United States. Windows 98 also includes plug and play, which allows devices to work when plugged in without requiring a system reboot or manual configuration, and USB support out of the box. Windows Me, the last DOS-based version of Windows, was aimed at consumers and released in 2000. It introduced System Restore, Help and Support Center, updated versions of the Disk Defragmenter and other system tools.
In 1993, Microsoft released Windows NT 3.1, the first version of the newly-developed Windows NT operating system. Unlike the Windows 9x series of operating systems, it is a fully 32-bit operating system. NT 3.1 introduced NTFS, a file system designed to replace the older File Allocation Table (FAT) which was used by DOS and the DOS-based Windows operating systems. In 1996, Windows NT 4.0 was released, which includes a fully 32-bit version of Windows Explorer written specifically for it, making the operating system work just like Windows 95. Windows NT was originally designed to be used on high-end systems and servers, however with the release of Windows 2000, many consumer-oriented features from Windows 95 and Windows 98 were included, such as the Windows Desktop Update, Internet Explorer 5, USB support and Windows Media Player. These consumer-oriented features were continued and further extended in Windows XP, which introduced a new theme called Luna, a more user-friendly interface, updated versions of Windows Media Player and Internet Explorer, and extended features from Windows Me, such as the Help and Support Center and System Restore. Windows Vista focused on securing the Windows operating system against computer viruses and other malicious software by introducing features such as User Account Control. New features include Windows Aero, updated versions of the standard games (e.g. Solitaire), Windows Movie Maker, and Windows Mail to replace Outlook Express. Despite this, Windows Vista was critically panned for its poor performance on older hardware and its at-the-time high system requirements. Windows 7 followed two and a half years later, and despite technically having higher system requirements, reviewers noted that it ran better than Windows Vista. Windows 7 also removed many extra features, such as Windows Movie Maker, Windows Photo Gallery and Windows Mail, instead requiring users download a separate Windows Live Essentials to gain those features and other online services. Windows 8 and Windows 8.1, a free upgrade for Windows 8, introduced many controversial changes, such as the replacement of the Start menu with the Start Screen, the removal of the Aero glass interface in favor of a flat, colored interface as well as the introduction of 'Metro' apps (later renamed to Universal Windows Platform apps) and the Charms Bar user interface element, all of which received considerable criticism from reviewers.The current version of Windows, Windows 10, reintroduced the Start menu and added the ability to run Universal Windows Platform apps in a window instead of always in full screen. Windows 10 was well-received, with many reviewers stating that Windows 10 is what Windows 8 should have been. Windows 10 also marks the last version of Windows to be traditionally released. Instead, 'feature updates' are released twice a year with names such as 'Creators Update' and 'Fall Creators Update' that introduce new capabilities.
Sugon
Sugon (Chinese: 曙光; pinyin: Shǔguāng), officially Dawning Information Industry Company Limited, is a supercomputer manufacturer in the People's Republic of China. Its Dawning 4000A and Dawning 5000A clusters were both ranked tenth in June 2004 and November 2008 TOP500 lists respectively. Dawning has manufactured some of the fastest supercomputers in the world including Nebulae, the second fastest computer in the June 2010 TOP500 list. The Chinese Academy of Science still retains stock in the company.
Windows Server 2008Windows Server 2008 is a server operating system produced by Microsoft. It was released to manufacturing on February 4, 2008, and reached general availability on February 27, 2008. It is the successor of Windows Server 2003, released nearly five years earlier.
Wolfram MathematicaWolfram Mathematica (usually termed Mathematica) is a modern technical computing system spanning most areas of technical computing — including neural networks, machine learning, image processing, geometry, data science, visualizations, and others. The system is used in many technical, scientific, engineering, mathematical, and computing fields. It was conceived by Stephen Wolfram and is developed by Wolfram Research of Champaign, Illinois. The Wolfram Language is the programming language used in Mathematica.
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Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.